- Mood:
Joy - Listening to: In Flames - Only for the Weak
- Reading: The Sins of Scripture
Since the dawning of self-consciousness, the human race has struggled to come to terms with the concept of mortality. The realisation of self-consciousness came hand in hand with self-centredness and insecurity. Afraid of being alone in the universe, humans tried to find a reason for why they were here. This reason became manifested in one God or another, or many, or even a force which took no form, He or it was responsible for us being here, but this realisation came with further questions from the early humans. Especially if the God was a Creator God, or parent-like figure, humans began to wonder, why was it that they died? More importantly, what happened after death, and how could we ensure that our after-life was a happy one? Born out of self-consciousness and insecurity, numerous explanations and concepts of death and the after-life began to develop in the increasingly conscious human mind.
Ancient religions such as those of the Egyptians and the Greeks, both of which were polytheistic, had a concept of the after-life in which all who died went to the same place after death. In both of these religions the underworld was presided over by a specific god. In the Egyptian tradition, this god was Osiris, who had originally the god of fertility. In the myths it was said that Osiris had become the god and judge of the dead because his brother Seth had murdered him and spread the pieces of his corpse across the country, but Osiris wife and sister Isis, searched for all the parts and finally pieced Osiris back together, however she had been unable to find the penis, which resulted in the inability to be fully resurrected, thus Osiris remained as an early concept of the living-dead. In the Greek tradition this god was Hades, which was also the name of the underworld. Hades was disliked by the other Olympian Gods, and presided over the underworld, where all those who died were sent.
Both traditions had the god of the dead as a judge, though this concept was more dominant in the Egyptian tradition. The deceased would first face 42 judges, and then if they passed this test successfully, Anubis (the god of embalming) would lead them to the scales, where there heart would be weighed against the feather of truth, if their heart was heavier than the feather it would be devoured by a beast with the head of a crocodile, body of a lion, and rear of a hippopotamus, this was the equivalent to Hell. Finally if this test was passed they would come before Osiris, who was the final judge of the deceased, and upon passing his judgment they would be admitted to the field of reeds, where life would continue practically the same as it had when they had been living. In the Greek tradition, Hades was the final and only judge who determined whether the deceased had an easy afterlife or a difficult one.
Around the same time as these ancient traditions, the Hebrew or Jewish faith was developing. However unlike the other traditions of their time, the Jewish religion was a monotheistic, with one true, supreme God. When faced with the question of why we die, the Jewish faith presented the idea of original sin, which was later adopted by the Christian and Islamic faiths. Mortality was the punishment for Adam and Eves disobedience towards God, (Yahweh in Judaism, Allah in Islam)
You were made from soil, and you will become soil again. (Genesis 3:19). This concept of original sin required people to consider how they could appease God so as to gain reconciliation with Him, and ensure a blissful afterlife. This resulted in the idea of a righteous life, living by the law which God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai, the 10 commandments, and more so the 613 mitzvot which are found throughout the Torah which is the first five books of the Christian Bible, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus Deuteronomy and Numbers. Strict adherence to these laws would result in the appeasement of God, and a happy afterlife.
Then during the 6th Century B.C.E the Buddhist faith came on the scene in the east, founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who reached enlightenment and so became known as the Buddha or Enlightened One. Unlike the monotheistic faith of the Hebrew people, or the polytheistic faiths of Egypt and Greece, Buddhism had no specific god, but rather an eternal force. Also rather than a concept of an afterlife which resulted in a heaven or hell scenario, Buddhism championed a continuos cycle of death and rebirth until enlightenment or nirvana was achieved. Enlightenment can be achieved through meditation and once again the living of a righteous life, the noble eightfold path. When a person dies their consciousness-continuum leaves the body and moves into an intermediate or bardo state that is full of a bewildering phantasmagoria of powerful apparitions ghosts, gods, demons, wrathful deities. The disembodied consciousness-continuum may spend up to 49 days in the bardo state. Firstly there is a glimpse of a marvellous luminosity which is the Enlightened State itself. If the disembodied consciousness-continuum can see this for what it is and stay with it, then liberation is assured. If liberation is not achieved, terror and desire will eventually draw it into a new birth. Rebirth is the Causal Connection between one life and another. Thus the karmic accumulations good and bad, of a particular life (itself the culmination of an endless series of causally connected past-lives) will condition a new birth. Sequences of such interconnected lives form a continuum. Nothing is handed on, however, but the conditioning: the influences, the karmic charge. (Snelling, J, 1987)
Some six hundred years later back in Judea, the place of the Jewish faith, a new movement was beginning, this religion was called Christianity. With its roots in Jewish faith, and based on the life and death of Jesus of Nazareth, Christianity once again redefined questions of death and the afterlife. Christianity is a monotheistic religion, with God being the only and final judge; however the idea of the afterlife is defined in much greater detail than ever before. Below are excerpts from the Catechism of the Catholic Church regarding the afterlife, as will be seen the Christian faith more than ever created a view of eternal bliss for the righteous and eternal damnation for the wicked.
1022 Each man receives his eternal retribution in his immortal soul at the very moment of his death, in a particular judgment that refers his life to Christ: either entrance into the blessedness of heaven through purification or immediately or immediate and everlasting damnation.
1024 This perfect life with the Most Holy Trinity this communion of life and love with the Trinity, with the Virgin Mary, the angels and all the blessed is called heaven. Heaven is the ultimate end and fulfilment of the deepest human longings, the state of supreme, definitive happiness.
1030 All who die in Gods grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven.
1035 The teaching of the Church affirms the existence of hell and its eternity. Immediately after death the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into hell, where they suffer the punishments of hell, eternal fire. The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God, in whom alone man can possess the life and happiness for which he was created and for which he longs.
1039 In the presence of Christ, who is Truth itself, the truth of each mans relationship with God will be laid bare. The Last Judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life.
1042 At the end of time, the Kingdom of God will come in its fullness. After the universal judgment, the righteous will reign forever with Christ, glorified in body and soul. The universe itself will be renewed.
As can be quite obviously observed when comparing these varying religions, the Afterlife is a universal concept which has been explained in many different ways by many different groups. These explanations have been an attempt to answer the questions such as; Why is it that we die?, What happens after death? and, How can we ensure that our after-life is a happy one? All of which arose out of the self-consciousness and insecurity of the human race, and their fear of being alone in the universe. Some defined it as a field of reeds, others an underworld, others presented a concept of an endless cycle of death and rebirth, and others still formulated concepts of a Heaven and Hell. While the places where the afterlife occurs differ greatly, there is one thing universal about all of these ideas, and that is the rewarding of the righteous, and the punishing of the wicked.